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+ | < | ||
+ | # [XRM2008](http:// | ||
+ | ## 21. Juli 2008 | ||
+ | ### 10:38 - Salome: Fluorescence microscopy | ||
+ | * X-ray microscopy @ ESRF | ||
+ | * technical development | ||
+ | * different beamlines | ||
+ | * GUI for control of microscope > ROI can be drawn in, direct conversion of coordinates | ||
+ | * multimodal nano-imaging set-up | ||
+ | * prototype setup, operated with pink beam | ||
+ | * multilevel-detectors | ||
+ | * fluorescence tomography | ||
+ | * sinograms from fluorescence! | ||
+ | * algorithmic solutions are preferred over mechanical solutions | ||
+ | * different materials can be extracted | ||
+ | * fluorescence signal and diffraction signal are obtained @ same time, crystalline phases can be reconstructed | ||
+ | (mostly shown an overview with lots of technical diagrams) | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 11:11 - Kaulich: TwinMic at Elettra | ||
+ | * spectromicroscopy | ||
+ | * spectroscopy of human cells | ||
+ | * 80 * 80 \mu\meter\squared image width | ||
+ | * simultaneously acquire signals from different elements! | ||
+ | (spectroscopy, | ||
+ | ### 11:36 - Holzner: Fluorescence & phase contrast microscopy | ||
+ | * mass per area can be known, but phase contrast is needed to obtain full information of biological probes | ||
+ | * difference of opposing detector halves (segmented detector is used) > already obtain information from probe | ||
+ | * correlation of soft tissue with elemental content (with directional dependence) | ||
+ | * phase image increases resolution | ||
+ | * obtain directly thickness map of sample | ||
+ | * determine elemental concentration | ||
+ | (interesting talk about DPC nicely made with \latex, even with an embedded movie, applications look really promising > talk with sam about this presentation) | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 11:57 - Bergmann: Archimedes manuscript | ||
+ | * XRF for document recovery of scientifically very valuable script | ||
+ | * nothing (original) has survived of archimedes writings > recopying it on "new data formats" | ||
+ | * all we know about archimedes comes from 3 documents (codex a, b and c) | ||
+ | * geometrical discovery by physical thought-experiment | ||
+ | * codex has been imaged after it has been bought by " | ||
+ | * archimedes writings have been overwritten by prayer-book, | ||
+ | * archeology with highly technical methods (spectroscopy) | ||
+ | * 10`6-10`7 px in 1-10 hours | ||
+ | * imaging of soft tissue is the ultimate goal, fossils can be done now | ||
+ | * [data](http:// | ||
+ | * [more info](http:// | ||
+ | * publication in physics world, 2007 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 14:01 - Otero: Dynamic STM | ||
+ | * STM > atomic resolution of sample surface is easy, morphology can be also extracted | ||
+ | * molecule movement observed (rotated molecules move, unrotated stay put) > diffusion coefficient depends on the orientation of the molecule regarding the surface | ||
+ | * hybrid solar cells using dye molecules | ||
+ | * " | ||
+ | * knowledge about molecule (achieved through STM) helps with design of it and makes available to cover surfaces with nearly everything you want to... | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 14:50 - Saito: SR-STM | ||
+ | * optimization of SR-STM @ beamline, mechanical tips, etc. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 15:21 - Ono: Nanosheets | ||
+ | * oxide nanosheets, layered compound which is delaminated in single sheets (~1nm thick) | ||
+ | * stacked nanosheets can be achieved > Tailoring the properties | ||
+ | * tiny amount of sheet materials still gets us good spectra | ||
+ | |||
+ | --- | ||
+ | ## 22. Juli 2008 | ||
+ | worked for akira | ||
+ | |||
+ | --- | ||
+ | ## 23. Juli 2008 | ||
+ | ### 10:49 - Vogel: stretched proteins | ||
+ | * protein structure > obtain information through fluoroscopy | ||
+ | * confocal microscopy | ||
+ | * protein unfolding occurs in cell culture | ||
+ | * protein droplets > pull out fibers and deposit those on stretchable substrates | ||
+ | * strained proteins can become physiologically relevant/ | ||
+ | * bacteria adhesion (E. colic) | ||
+ | * bacterial adhesion is enhanced by shear flow > high flow gives high adhesion | ||
+ | * resistency-control would become feasible | ||
+ | * could be used as nanoglue, since bond gets stronger as it's pulled ono | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 11:22 - Sasaki: Functional membrane proteins | ||
+ | * dynamical study of proteins | ||
+ | * single molecular detection system | ||
+ | * diffracted x-ray tracking (DXT) | ||
+ | * proteins can be imaged with the use of "x-ray radiation pressure" | ||
+ | * making artificial nano-crystal | ||
+ | * commercially available crystals are often not enough perfectly crystallised | ||
+ | * 3D and 1D nano-crystals (1D is enough for Sasaki' | ||
+ | * pH enables them to alter the state of the protein which can then be observed with DXT | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 11:48 - Vogt: endogenous metals in cells | ||
+ | * metals are fundamental components of biological systems | ||
+ | * linked to diseases, used in therapeutics and diagnostics | ||
+ | * is XRF the correct tool for the job? | ||
+ | * it is at least better if you compare an analytical EM and hard x-ray microscope | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 12:17 - Lee: Hard x-ray phase contrast microscopy | ||
+ | * samples are in \micro\meter scale | ||
+ | * phase-contrast makes staining unnecessary > easy imaging of biological samples (be it either optical or x-ray microscopy) | ||
+ | * sample preparation (wet/dry) still destroyed the sample through surface tension (> shear forces) | ||
+ | * micro air bubbles can be shown | ||
+ | * velocity profile with a resolution of several \micro\seconds | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 14:05 - Hertz: Lab x-ray micro imaging | ||
+ | * compact water-window microscopy | ||
+ | * relatively weak source > high efficiency zoneplates | ||
+ | * functional imaging with size-selective coll. Au identification (with wavelet filtering) | ||
+ | * no real progression on compact sources | ||
+ | * used to be rotating anode > ~100 W/ | ||
+ | * new: liquid jet with much higher output energy > higher speed of the anode (compared to the rotating anode) and in plus it's a regenerative target, since the anode can be damaged. | ||
+ | * not only liquid metal anodes, but also used methanol (which performed much better than expected) > ~1MW/ | ||
+ | * fluid dynamics start to play a role for the liquid anode | ||
+ | * e-beam and reliability is improved > spin-off | ||
+ | * 3 \nano\meter lines can be distinguished | ||
+ | * tumor detection should be feasible | ||
+ | * lab x-ray microscopy approaches synchrotron quality for soft x-rays | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 14:39 - Benk: X-rays from discharge plasma | ||
+ | * lab source for XRM > laser produced plasma and discharge plasma used as a source | ||
+ | * driving force was lithography application | ||
+ | * hollow cathode used to pinch the plasma to reach the critical conditions for emission | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 15:03 - Sandberg: Table-top diffractive imaging | ||
+ | * diffractive lens-less imaging | ||
+ | * highly coherent source > laser-like beam with gaussian profile | ||
+ | * 72 nm resolution with 47 nm wavelength source > possible because of big NA | ||
+ | * curvature correction of diffraction pattern increases resolution > mathematically match diffraction pattern on " | ||
+ | * holography/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | --- | ||
+ | ## 24. Juli 2008 | ||
+ | ### 08:30 - Hwa Shik Youn: Bio-fibers & hard X-ray microscopy | ||
+ | * microscope optics influences image contrast | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 09:03 - Nishino: Nanostructure analysis by coherent x-ray diffraction | ||
+ | * diffraction microscopy for biological samples | ||
+ | * no need of crystallization | ||
+ | * no need of thin-sectioning | ||
+ | * no need of staining | ||
+ | * study chromosome through diffraction imaging | ||
+ | * unstained chromosomes can be imaged | ||
+ | * 2D to 3D > different incident angles of diffraction are measured | ||
+ | * 3D fourier transformation | ||
+ | * showed consistent data with 2D reconstruction | ||
+ | * first observation of cellular organelle in 3D obtained with hard x-rays with a spatial resolution of 120 nm! | ||
+ | * but: they are working close to the feature-destroying dose line! | ||
+ | * method can also be used in material science | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 09:29 - Larabell: Quantitative bio imaging | ||
+ | * cryo-stage at end-station with cryo optical microscope and cryo x-ray microscope | ||
+ | * histogram segmentation of organelles > colorcoding parts of histogram | ||
+ | * **variance weighted mean filtering** | ||
+ | * automatic segmentation > **ask/look at publications** | ||
+ | * zone plates are used in the beamline | ||
+ | (showed extremely nice movie of whole process! (transmission, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 10:32 - Hell: STED & 4Pi microscopy | ||
+ | * breaking abbes barrier | ||
+ | * increase the resolution of the imaging method simply through physical methods, no assumptions on material are made. | ||
+ | * higher resolution than with confocal microscope | ||
+ | * focal spot is so small, that focal-scanning inside the cell is possible > scanning mitochondria with resolution below 50 nm. | ||
+ | * if switching states are recorded, we can go below the diffraction limit, effectively passing abbe's equation | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 11:27 - Feser: Commercial X-ray microscopy | ||
+ | * commercial applications of different xradia products | ||
+ | * automatic tomography > passive measurement system to record run-off (poster p2_030) | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 12:06 - Vila Comamala: X-ray diffractive optics | ||
+ | * beam-shaping condenser lens, plate parameters permit the shaping of a square spot | ||
+ | * spatial resolution limit in x-ray microscopy | ||
+ | * resolution limit is from outermost zone plate zone | ||
+ | * multi keV range zone plates are possible and are in use @ PSI | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 14:00 - Heim: Full field microscopy | ||
+ | * automated tomography @ ~400 proj/30min | ||
+ | * volume zone plates should enable sub 10 nm resolution | ||
+ | * cryo-tomography > aligned dateset | ||
+ | * **evtl. interessant für Dimitri, since the also use some kind of tilt-series**, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 14:38 - Aoki: Zernike microscopy | ||
+ | * basically just showed images that were obtained with phase contrast methods | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 15:08- Sakdinawat: Specialized diffractive optics | ||
+ | * DIC magnetic phase contrast | ||
+ | * spiral zone plates | ||
+ | * cubic zone plates (square deformation of the zone pattern) | ||
+ | * specialized zoneplates can significantly extend the depth of field | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 16:03 - Stoll: Magnetic vortex dynamics | ||
+ | ### 16:33 - Fischer: Magn. dynamics with TXM | ||
+ | ### 17:02 - Eimüller: Magnetic TXM | ||
+ | |||
+ | --- | ||
+ | ## 25. Juli 2008 | ||
+ | ### 08:50 - Cloetens: Hard X-ray Nanotomography | ||
+ | * scanning time is around 3h, completely limited by detector | ||
+ | * combination of projection and scanning x-ray microscopy | ||
+ | * detection on platinum nanoparticle with a diameter of 6 nm | ||
+ | * working on thin slices, so no real tomography, but still chemical imaging on the organelle level | ||
+ | * zoom tomography > sample is much greater than FOV | ||
+ | * setup to scan laminar structures > sample rotates off the surface normal axis | ||
+ | * thermal stability of the system is crucial | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 09:06 - Ludwig: Diffraction contrast tomography | ||
+ | * analysis of structural material response on external stimuli | ||
+ | * differential aperture > sub-micrometer spatial resolution | ||
+ | * analysis | ||
+ | * background removal | ||
+ | * pair matching of projections of 180° pairs | ||
+ | * indexing | ||
+ | * back-projection is then possible and then the full sample can be reconstructed (sample has 0.6mm in diameter) | ||
+ | * forward simulation for proof of image acquisition | ||
+ | * strain in sample can be measured and extracted | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 09:35 - Brennan: Nano-tomography of a comet | ||
+ | * analysis of comet to determine the original composition of the universe | ||
+ | * collect comet dust with aerogel | ||
+ | * imaging with xradia xrm with 40nm resolution @ 5-14keV | ||
+ | * imaging of the sample without destroying it, nanotomography | ||
+ | * up to now not using diffraction but still possible to study the chemical composition of the sample | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 10:32 - Suzuki: Imaging, holography & tomography | ||
+ | * holography with a combination of zoneplate objective and prism interferometer | ||
+ | * phase-contrast ct by imaging holography | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 11:03 - Hitchcock: STXM tomography | ||
+ | * combining imaging and spectroscopy | ||
+ | * quantitative chemical maps from differential image from two different energies | ||
+ | * radiation dose is something you have to think about > wet environment > sample moved > cryo-stage is needed | ||
+ | |||
+ | ### 11:36 - Ade: STXM - from science to applications | ||
+ | * applications towards the more efficient photovoltaic materials | ||
+ | * fabrication of organic solar cells | ||
+ | </ |